Emergency medical services key performance measurement in Asian cities

Table 3 Structure comparisons of EMS systems in Asia

City	Seoul	Tokyo	Osaka	Taipei	Singapore	Bangkok	Kuala Lumpur
Operation of ambulance	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Hospital	Hospital plus NGOs
Dispatch center	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Hospital and NGOs
Dispatcher certification	Certified	Certified	Certified	Certified	Certified	Certified	Certified
Tiered response	BLS	BLS	BLS	BLS plus ALS	BLS	BLS plus ALS	BLS or ALS
Medical direction	Direct only	Mixed	Mixed	Mixed	Indirect only	Direct only	Direct only
Dispatcher type	Firefighters	Firefighters	Firefighters	Firefighters	Firefighters	Nurse	EMD
Ambulance personnel	EMT	First aider, EMT	First aider, EMT	EMT paramedic	EMT intermediate	Nurse, EMT	Medical assistant, nurses
Ambulance station	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Fire department	Fire station	Hospital/clinic	Hospital/clinic
Total EMS providers	751	2,184	600	1,452	200	12	NA
Training period	>320 h for EMT-basic	750 to 1,095 h for EMT	750 to 1,095 h for EMT	1,280 h for EMT-P	2,640 h for EMT-I	6 months	120 h
Ambulance total number	117	229	72	76	40	26	60
Ambulance stations total numbers	114	229	50	43	31	2	6

ISSN: 1865-1380