Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 1746 ED patients stratified by survival status

Number of patients

1574

172

Number of female patients (%)

865 (55.0)

75 (43.6)

0.005

Age (year)

68 (55, 80)

71 (59, 81)

0.219

Pulse (per min)

90 (78, 103)

100 (83, 115)

<0.001

Body temperature (°C)

37.1 (37.0, 37.7)

37.3 (37.0, 38.1)

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

139 (120, 159)

131 (110, 158)

0.051

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80 (70, 90)

78 (63, 90)

0.178

Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

99 (87, 112)

96 (80, 110)

0.081

Breathing rate (per min)

22 (20, 26)

26 (22, 30)

<0.001

Peripheral oxygen saturation (%)

97 (94, 99)

93.5 (87, 97)

<0.001

Days of therapy from other hospital (days)

0 (0, 29)^a

0 (0, 63)^a

0.005

Days from illness onset (days)

1 (0, 3)

1 (0, 2)

0.279

Dopamine (μg/kg/min)

0 (0.0, 6.8)^a

0 (0.0, 10)^a

<0.001

Norepinephrine (μg/kg/min)

0 (0.0, 2.0)^a

0 (0.0, 2.8)^a

0.008

Dobutamine (μg/kg/min)

0 (0.0, 9.8)^a

0 (0.0, 11.0)^a

0.198

Length of stay (days)

7 (4, 10)

3 (1, 8)

<0.001

Glasgow coma score

15 (15, 15)

15 (10, 15)

<0.001

AVPU scale

<0.001

  Unresponsive to all stimuli

6 (0.4)

11 (6.4)

  Responds to painful stimuli

39 (2.5)

37 (21.5)

  Responds to verbal stimuli

48 (3.0)

14 (8.1)

  Alert

1481 (94.1)

110 (64.0)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

1 (0.1)

3 (1.7)

0.003

Mechanical ventilation

15 (1.0)

25 (14.5)

<0.001

Admitted intensive care unit

33 (2.1)

63 (36.6)

<0.001

Immunocompromised by agent

27 (1.7)

4 (2.3)

0.539

Lymphoma

2 (0.1)

1 (0.6)

0.268

Leukemia or myeloma

8 (0.5)

3 (1.7)

0.086

Cancer

18 (1.1)

5 (2.9)

0.068

Chronic renal failure

66 (4.2)

10 (5.8)

0.323

Chronic respiratory failure

88 (5.6)

19 (11.0)

0.011

Cirrhosis with ascites

44 (2.8)

10 (5.8)

0.037

Heart failure

87 (5.5)

24 (14.0)

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus

530 (33.7)

75 (43.6)

0.011

Functional status

0.013

  Independence

1357 (86.2)

137 (79.7)

  Partial dependence

161 (10.2)

21 (12.2)

  Completely dependence

56 (3.6)

14 (8.1)

REMS score

6 (4, 8)

9 (6, 12)

<0.001

WPS score

2 (1, 4)

5 (3, 6)

<0.001