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Table 6 Drugs to facilitate ETI and reversal agents available at the responding Japanese emergency departments (EDs)a

From: Human and equipment resources for difficult airway management, airway education programs, and capnometry use in Japanese emergency departments: a nationwide cross-sectional study

Item

N (%)

Analgesicsb

 At least one opioid

135 (41.7)

 Fentanyl

116 (35.8)

 Morphine

95 (29.3)

 Remifentanil

3 (0.9)

 Ketamine

77 (23.8)

 Pentazocin

278 (85.8)

 Buprenorphine

144 (44.4)

 Tramadol

3 (0.9)

 Lidocaine

251 (77.5)

 Other

7 (2.2)

Sedativesb

 At least one sedative

324 (100)

 Diazepam

300 (92.6)

 Midazolam

293 (90.4)

 Propofol

237 (73.1)

 Thiopental

153 (47.2)

 Dexmedetomidine

83 (25.6)

 Haloperidol

163 (50.3)

 Droperidol

17 (5.2)

 Other

3 (0.9)

Neuromuscular blocking agentsb

 At least one neuromuscular blocking agent

222 (68.5)

 Rocuronium

187 (57.7)

 Vecuronium

72 (22.2)

 Pancuronium

2 (0.6)

 Succinylcholine

22 (6.8)

 Reversal agentsb

 Sugammadex

74 (22.8)

 Flumazenil

159 (49.1)

 Naloxone

50 (15.4)

 Neostigmine

38 (11.7)

  1. ETI endotracheal intubation
  2. aBased on the replies of 324 of the 530 EDs queried
  3. bEDs may have more than one drug