Table 1 PSA practice in adults versus paediatric ED patients in The Netherlands

Do you perform PSA procedures? Yes:

177

(97.8)

107

(59.1)*

 -Five times a week

4/177

(2.3)

–

 -Two-four times a week

36/177

(20.3)

8/107

(7.5)

 -Once a week

55/177

(31.1)

13/107

(12.1)

 -Once per 2 weeks

38/177

(21.4)

25/107

(23.4)

 -Once per month

29/177

(16.4)

39/107

(36.4)

 -< Once per month

15/177

(8.5)

22/107

(20.6)

Is this frequency enough to maintain your skills? YES:

134/177

(75.7)

58/107

(54.2)

Does your ED have 24/7 PSA availability? YES

56/181

(30.9)

32/181

(17.7)

 -Physicians who perform paediatric PSA are not always available

–

53/149

(35.6)

 -The ED is not staffed with EPs 24/7

94/125

(75.2)

62/149

(41.6)

 -Despite 24/7 staffing with EPs, the EP is not always available

52/125

(41.6)

47/149

(31.5)

 -Not all EPs in the ED are capable in performing PSA

11/125

(8.8)

36/149

(24.2)

 -Other

24/125

(19.2)

47/149

(31.5)

 -Propofol

14/177

(83.1)

31/107

(29.0)

 -Midazolam

5/177

(2.9)

8/107

(7.5)

 -Esketamine

20/177

(11.3)

54/107

(50.5)

 -Etomidate

2/177

(1.1)

0

 -Nitrous oxide 50:50

1/177

(0.5)

13/107

(12.1)

 -Other

2/177

(1.1)

1/107

(0.9)

 -Fentanyl

153/177

(86.4)

52

(48.6)

 -Sufentanil

0

1

(0.9)

 -Remifentanil

0

0

 -Morphine

1/177

(0.6)

0

 -Paracetamol

0

3

(2.8)

 -NSAID

1/177

(0.6)

1

(0.9)

 -Esketamine

20/177

(11.2)

36

(33.7)

 -Nitrous oxide 50:50

0

3

(2.8)

 -Local (for example: lidocaine)

0

2

(1.9)

 -None

1/177

(0.6)

8

(7.5)

 -Other

1/177

(0.6)

1

(0.9)

Use of intranasal route for analgesics/sedatives? YES:

88/177

(49.7)

95/107

(88.8)*

 -Dislocation of the hip

135/177

(76.3)

0

 -Dislocation of the shoulder

77/177

(43.5)

1/107

(0.9)

 -Dislocation of the elbow

21/177

(11.9)

6/107

(5.6)

 -Other joint dislocations

11/177

(6.2)

1/107

(0.9)

 -Dislocated fracture of the arm

25/177

(14.1)

95/107

(88.8)

 -Dislocated fracture of the leg

19/177

(24.9)

19/107

(17.8)

 -Incision of an abscess

23/177

(13.0)

2/107

(1.9)

 -Cardioversion

36/177

(20.3)

0

 -Foreign body ENT

0

1/107

(0.9)

 -Wound management face

2/177

(1.1)

18/107

(16.8)

 -Other wound management

4/177

(2.3)

31/107

(45.8)

 -CT scan

3/177

(1.7)

0

 -Chest tube

6/177

(3.4)

0