| Moderate acuity (ESI 3) | Low acuity (ESI 4 or 5) |
---|---|---|
N = 40,801 | N = 31,258 | |
Odds ratio‡ (95% CI) | Odds ratio§ (95% CI) | |
Age (18–29 years comparator) | ||
 30–49 years | 1.25 (1.11–1.41)*** | 1.15 (1.08–1.22)** |
 50–69 years | 1.48 (1.3–1.69)*** | 1.48 (1.33–1.63)** |
 ≥ 70 years | 1.50 (1.3–1.74)*** | 2.20 (1.24–3.75)* |
Sex (male comparator) | ||
 Female | 0.81 (0.75–0.88)*** | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) |
 Null (missing) | 0.21 (0.01–0.95) | 0.02 (0.00–0.07)** |
Temperature (normal comparator) | ||
 Hypothermia (≤ 94.0 °F) | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | 0.9 (0.73–1.1) |
 Mild hypothermia (94.1–96.2 °F) | 1.01 (0.9–1.13) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) |
 Mild hyperthermia (99.3–100.4 °F) | 0.90 (0.73–1.08) | 1.49 (1.33–1.66)** |
 Hyperthermic (≥ 100.5 °F) | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) | 1.65 (1.42–1.9)** |
 Null (missing) | 1.41 (1.00–1.94)* | 1.42 (1.06–1.88) |
Heart rate (normal comparator) | ||
 Severe bradycardia (≤ 49 bpm) | 2.55 (1.54–4.02)*** | 0.61 (0.14–1.82) |
 Mild bradycardia (50–59 bpm) | 1.22 (0.99–1.50) | 1.09 (0.85–1.37) |
 Mild tachycardia (105–109 bpm) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 1.2 (1.05–1.37)* |
 Moderate tachycardia (110–119 bpm) | 1.13 (0.94–1.34) | 1.1 (0.98–1.24) |
 High tachycardia (120–129 bpm) | 1.32 (1.01–1.7)* | 1.24 (1.03–1.48) |
 Severe tachycardia (≥ 130 bpm) | 2.17 (1.61–2.88)*** | 1.46 (1.1–1.93)* |
 Null (missing) | – | 1.78 (0.24–12.12) |
Systolic blood pressure (normal comparator) | ||
 Hypotension (≤ 99 mmHg) | 0.84 (0.70–0.99)* | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) |
 Mild hypotension (100–107 mmHg) | 1.07 (0.88–1.29) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28)* |
 Mild hypertension (177–199 mmHg) | 1.26 (1.03–1.52)* | 1.01 (0.6–1.63) |
 Hypertension (≥ 200 mmHg) | 1.34 (0.78–2.16) | 0.78 (0.26–1.88) |
 Null (missing) | 0.55 (0.23–1.17) | 1.65 (1.03–2.56) |
Respiratory rate (normal comparator) | ||
 Hypopnea (≤ 13 rpm) | 1.59 (0.65–3.29) | 0.78 (0.4–1.39) |
 Mild hypopnea (14–15 rpm) | 1.19 (1.00–1.41)* | 1.04 (0.92–1.16) |
 Mild tachypnea (20–22 rpm) | 0.9 (0.81–0.99)* | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) |
 Moderate tachypnea (23–27 rpm) | 0.83 (0.68–1.00) | 1.23 (1.02–1.49) |
 Severe tachypnea (≥ 28 rpm) | 0.99 (0.56–1.62) | 1.38 (0.78–2.36) |
 Null (missing) | 0.57 (0.06–4.02) | 0.14 (0.01–1.24) |
Oxygen saturation (normal comparator) | ||
 Severe hypoxia (SpO2 ≤ 89) | 2.18 (1.48–3.12)*** | 1.48 (0.84–2.5) |
 Moderate hypoxia (SpO2 90–94) | 1.12 (0.97–1.28) | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) |
 Mild hypoxia (SpO2 95–96) | 1.13 (1.00–1.27)* | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) |
 Null (missing) | 2.81 (1.23–5.74)** | 2.10 (0.76–5.24) |
Pain score (VAS, moderate comparator) | ||
 Mild (0–3) | 0.81 (0.73–0.9)*** | 0.83 (0.77–0.88)** |
1.23 (1.11–1.36)*** | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | |
 Null (missing or > 10) | 0.47 (0.17–1.04) | 0.42 (0.11–1.17) |
Chief complaint (general comparator) | ||
 Abdominal pain | 1.13 (0.97–1.31) | 1.8 (1.57–2.06)** |
 Allergic | 0.49 (0.27–0.81)* | 0.42 (0.30–0.57)** |
 Altered mental status | 1.55 (0.98–2.36) | 1.74 (0.79–3.56) |
 Back pain | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 1.47 (1.19–1.82)** |
 Chest pain | 1.43 (1.17–1.73)*** | 1.88 (1.54–2.29)** |
 Dizziness | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) |
 Dysrhythmia | 1.23 (0.79–1.84) | 1.22 (0.65–2.14) |
 Edema | 0.44 (0.29–0.64)*** | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) |
 Ear, nose, and throat | 0.88 (0.47–1.50) | 0.27 (0.18–0.38)** |
 Fever | 0.61 (0.48–0.77)*** | 0.83 (0.72–0.95)* |
 Genitourinary | 0.69 (0.52–0.9)** | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) |
 Gastrointestinal bleeding | 0.68 (0.36–1.19) | 0.73 (0.31–1.48) |
 Headache | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) | 0.75 (0.63–0.88)** |
 Hypertension | 0.60 (0.28–1.13) | 0.92 (0.46–1.69) |
 Lower respiratory tract infection | 0.36 (0.26–0.47)*** | 0.76 (0.66–0.88)** |
 Musculoskeletal (atraumatic) | 0.48 (0.27–0.79)** | 0.31 (0.22–0.43)** |
 Musculoskeletal (isolated trauma) | 0.39 (0.12–0.94) | 0.36 (0.09–1.03) |
 Neurologic | 1.48 (1.17–1.87)*** | 1.18 (0.82–1.67) |
 Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea | 0.57 (0.44–0.73)*** | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) |
 Seizure | 0.78 (0.47–1.22) | 1.65 (1.08–2.48) |
 Shortness of breath | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | 1.49 (1.25–1.78)** |
 Skin, nails, and hair | 0.30 (0.15–0.55)*** | 0.28 (0.2–0.38)** |
 Substance abuse | 0.81 (0.24–1.99) | 0.59 (0.14–1.76) |
 Syncope | 1.41 (1.03–1.90)* | 1.68 (0.96–2.84) |
 Trauma | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 0.70 (0.52–0.92) |
 Upper respiratory tract infection | 0.44 (0.24–0.75)** | 0.26 (0.21–0.32)** |
 Weakness | 0.78 (0.57–1.05) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) |
 Wound | 0.35 (0.16–0.66)** | 0.45 (0.28–0.68)** |
 Other | 0.58 (0.39–0.84)** | 0.51 (0.38–0.67)** |
 Null (missing) | – | 0.68 (0.57–0.81)** |
Arrival time (17:00–20:59 comparator) | ||
 01:00–07:59 | 1.23 (1.06–1.44)** | 1.77 (1.58–1.99)** |
 08:00–12:59 | 1.48 (1.32–1.67)*** | 1.75 (1.60–1.90)** |
 13:00–16:59 | 1.20 (1.06–1.36)** | 1.37 (1.24–1.50)** |
 21:00–00:59 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) |