Table 1 Clinical syndromes basing on USG patterns and clinical variables

ADHF

(systolic dysfunction)

Acute interstitial syndrome (the presence of multiple diffuse bilateral B-lines) with LV dysfunction on cardiac USG

Acute pneumonia

Lung USG showing focal B-lines, subpleural echo poor region with tissue-like echotexture and dynamic air bronchogram with normal LV function.

ARDS

Acute interstitial syndrome (presence of multiple diffuse bilateral B-lines) in non-homogenous distribution and anterior subpleural consolidation, reduced lung sliding normal LV function with suggestive clinical presentation (sudden onset and suggestive sepsis).

COPD or Obstructive

airway disease

Bilateral A-lines with decreased lung sliding on lung USG with normal LV function and normal kidneys with key indicators of COPD present clinically.

Acute Pulmonary

Embolism

Normal LV function, A-lines on lung USG with or without focal B-lines, dilated RV, dilated IVC with low collapsibility index with high pre-test probability of PE.

Chronic lung disease

(ILD or chronic lung fibrosis)

Normal LV function, irregular fragmented pleural line, subpleural abnormalities, bilateral B-lines in non- homogenous distribution with or without dilated RV and dilated IVC with low collapsibility index with suggestive clinical picture (h/o chronic exertional dyspnea and cough).

Diastolic Heart Failure

Normal LV function with LV hypertrophy (LVH), left atrial enlargement, multiple diffuse bilateral B-lines, dilated IVC with low collapsibility index with suggestive clinical presentation (e.g., hypertensive, diabetic)

Volume overload

Normal LV function, normal RV, multiple diffuse bilateral B-lines, dilated IVC, contracted kidneys.

Pneumothorax

Normal LV function, bilateral A-lines with absent lung sliding with observed lung point with suggestive clinical picture.

Tamponade

Normal LV function, pericardial effusion with dilated and non-collapsible IVC and RA/RV diastolic collapse with suggestive clinical signs.