Table 1 Medications associated with acquired methemoglobinemia
Drug class | Medications implicated in cases of methemoglobinemia |
|---|---|
Analgesics | Acetaminophen (generally in overdose or combination with other oxidative stresses), Buprenorphine-naloxone, Celecoxib, Ibuprofen, Phenazopyridine |
Anesthetics | Benzocaine, Lidocaine, Prilocaine (including topical creams), Tetracaine |
Antiemetics | Metoclopramide |
Antimicrobials | Atovaquone, Dapsone, Sulfonamides (sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazide), Quinolones (chloroquine, primaquine) |
Vasodilators | Amyl nitrate, Nitric oxide, Nitroglycerine, Nitroprusside |
Xenobiotics | Aniline dyes, Naphthalene, Nitrates (ex: well water contamination), Nitrites (ex: fermented meats), Silver nitrate, Trinitrotoluene |