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Table 1 Coding scheme

From: A qualitative study of workplace violence among healthcare providers in emergency departments in India

Theme

Sub-themes

Types of violence

Verbal violence, physical violence

Experiences of violence

Between patients and doctors, between attendants/bystanders and doctors, between patients and nurses, between bystanders and nurses, between patients and other hospital staff, between bystanders and other hospital staff

Causes of violence

Financial, health literacy, communication challenges, emotional factors, perpetuation based on media/prior events, gender factors, ED factors (crowding, noisiness, long wait times, etc), age factors, intoxication

Description of events

Timing, involving physicians, involving nurses, involving other ED staff, involving patients, involving family or attendants/bystanders

Consequences

On doctors or providers, on patients and their care, on society

Responsibility

Patients, bystanders/attendants, nurses, doctors, other hospital staff, hospital, society

Prevention strategies

Improved communication, improved knowledge and skills (among physicians/providers), improved patient and societal education, improved security, hospital interventions, government interventions