Table 2 Response frequencies and relative frequencies
Types of violence | Frequencies (n = 205) | Relative frequency |
Sub-theme: verbal | 167 | 81.4% |
Sub-theme: physical | 38 | 18.5% |
Experiences of violence | Frequencies (n = 126) | Relative frequency |
Sub-theme: between attendants/bystanders and doctors | 69 | 54.8% |
Sub-theme: between attendants/bystanders and nurses | 16 | 12.7% |
Sub-theme: between attendants/bystanders and other hospital staff | 16 | 12.7% |
Sub-theme: between patients and doctors | 15 | 11.9% |
Sub-theme: between patients and nurses | 4 | 3.2% |
Sub-theme: between patients and other hospital staff | 6 | 4.8% |
Causes of violence | Frequencies (n = 686) | Relative frequency |
Sub-theme: financial | 91 | 13.2% |
Sub-theme: health Literacy | 162 | 23.6% |
Sub-theme: communication challenges | 80 | 11.7% |
Sub-theme: emotional factors | 73 | 10.6% |
Sub-theme: gender factors | 26 | 3.8% |
Sub-theme: perpetuation based on media/prior events | 9 | 1.3% |
Sub-theme: age factors | 31 | 4.5% |
Sub-theme: intoxication | 23 | 3.4% |
Description of events | Frequencies (n = 346) | Relative frequency |
Sub-theme: Timing | 52 | 15% |
Sub-theme: involving physicians | 44 | 12.7% |
Sub-theme: involving nurses | 23 | 6.6% |
Sub-theme: involving other ED staff | 8 | 2.3% |
Sub-theme: involving patients | 42 | 12.1% |
Sub-theme: involving family or bystanders | 177 | 51.2% |
Consequences of violence | Frequencies (n = 190) | Relative frequency |
Sub-theme: on doctors or providers | 113 | 59.5% |
Sub-theme: on patients and their care | 57 | 30% |
Sub-theme: on society | 20 | 10.5% |
Responsibility for violence | Frequencies (n = 131) | Relative frequency |
Sub-theme: patients | 21 | 16% |
Sub-theme: bystanders/attendants | 23 | 17.6% |
Sub-theme: nurses | 4 | 3.1% |
Sub-theme: doctors | 19 | 14.5% |
Sub-theme: other hospital staff | 9 | 6.9% |
Sub-theme: hospitals | 22 | 16.8% |
Sub-theme: society | 33 | 25.2% |
Prevention strategies | Frequencies (n = 285) | Relative frequency |
Sub-theme: improved communication | 79 | 27.7% |
Sub-theme: improved knowledge and skills (among physicians/providers) | 13 | 4.6% |
Sub-theme: improved patient and societal education | 57 | 20% |
Sub-theme: improved security | 45 | 15.8% |
Sub-theme: hospital interventions | 75 | 26.3% |
Sub-theme: government interventions | 16 | 5.6% |