Table 4 Clinical manifestations of cardiac cephalalgia
From: Cardiac cephalalgia: a case series of four patients and updated literature review
Characteristics |  | Variable (N = 59) |
|---|---|---|
Age | Years (median, quartile) | 64 (54–72) |
Sex | Male | 37 (62.7) |
Triger | Exertion | 26 (44.1) |
| Â | Other than exertion | 3 (5.1) |
| Â | None | 16 (27.1) |
| Â | NA | 14 (23.7) |
Onset | Sudden | 15 (25.4) |
| Â | Progressive or gradual | 11 (18.6) |
| Â | NA | 33 (55.9) |
Side | Right | 4 (6.8) |
| Â | Left | 2 (3.4) |
| Â | Bilateral | 23 (39.0) |
| Â | NA | 30 (50.8) |
Regions | Frontal | 10 (16.9) |
| Â | Temporal | 7 (11.9) |
| Â | Parietal | 3 (5.1) |
| Â | Occipital | 23 (39.0) |
| Â | Whole | 6 (10.2) |
| Â | Eye | 2 (3.4) |
| Â | NA | 8 (13.6) |
Intensity | Severe | 37 (62.7) |
| Â | Moderate-severe | 2 (3.4) |
| Â | Moderate | 2 (3.4) |
| Â | Mild -severe | 1 (1.7) |
| Â | NA | 17 (28.8) |
Chest symptom | Present | 24 (40.7) |
| Â | Absent | 33 (55.9) |
| Â | NA | 2 (3.4) |
Associated symptoms | Nausea | 10 (16.9) |
| Â | Sweating | 7 (11.9) |
| Â | Vomiting | 5 (8.5) |
| Â | Dizziness | 2 (3.4) |
| Â | Miscellaneous | 5 (8.5) |
| Â | None | 1 (2.0) |
| Â | NA | 8 (13.5) |
ECG | ST elevation | 23 (39.0) |
| Â | ST depression | 9 (15.2) |
| Â | ST depression in stress | 14 (23.7) |
| Â | Other changes | 5 (8.5) |
| Â | Normal | 4 (6.8) |
| Â | NA | 4 (6.8) |
Risk factors | Hypertension | 21 (35.6) |
| Â | Diabetes | 14 (23.7) |
| Â | Hyperlipidemia | 19 (32.2) |
| Â | Smoking | 20 (33.9) |
| Â | Obesity | 4 (6.8) |