Author (year) | Country | Study objective | Study design | Study population | Sample size | Quality score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nicholas (2020) [26] | Canada | To determine how patient and family-centered care is demonstrated in the ED for children with autism | Semi-structured interviews | Parents and family members of children with autism spectrum disorder, from two large Canadian EDs; ED-based health care providers | 53 (10 physicians, 12 nurses, 31 parents of patients) | 75% |
Innes (2018) [27] | Australia | To identify the activities and behaviors, including patient-centered care behaviours, of waiting room nurses (WRN) in the ED | Observational study | WRN from two EDs | 8 WRN observed across 13 sessions | 66.6% |
Polevoi (2013) [28] | USA | To compare a traditional resident consultation model with a co-management model, where the psychiatric consultation and liaison service assumes full responsibility for providing direct psychiatric care, to reduce length of stay for patients with psychiatric emergencies in the ED | Prospective cohort study | Patients in a 29-bed urban academic ED between 2007 and 2009 | 1884 patient visits | 66.6% |
Frank (2009 B) [29] | Sweden | Interviews to describe patients’ perceptions of patient participation in their care in the ED | Phenomenographic study | Patients who attended one metropolitan ED in 2006 | 9 patients interviewed | 66.6% |
Frank (2009 A) [30] | Sweden | Interviews to describe care giver’s perceptions of patient participation in their care in the ED | Phenomenographic study | Health care providers in one metropolitan ED | 11 health care providers (4 registered nurses, 4 auxiliary nurses, 3 physicians) | 75% |
Steven (2015) [31] | USA | To determine how the CARES unit, a crisis stabilization unit, influences length of stay and costs for psychiatric patients in the pediatric ED | Retrospective, chart review | All psychiatric patients presenting to the ED of a children’s hospital between 2006 and 2008 | 1719 patients pre-CARES and 1863 patients post-CARES | 66.6% |
Wilhelm (2007) [32] | Australia | To examine the effectiveness of the clinic (a novel brief intervention service for patients presenting to the emergency department following deliberate self harm—DSH—or with suicidal ideation) in terms of service utilization and patient and clinician feedback and to explore the correlates of repeated DSH | Retrospective, chart review | Patients with deliberate self-harm or suicidal ideation who presented at an emergency department and got a “green card,” a referral to the clinic | 456 patients were referred to the clinic | 33.3% |
Walker (2016) [33] | UK | To explore nursing interventions for person-centered bereavement care in adult acute and critical care settings; Provide insight into nurses’ experiences of care for the suddenly bereaved; Examine the provision of person-centred bereavement care; Inform the development of person-centeredness in practice | Descriptive exploratory study | Nurses who work in hospital areas where patient death is common and they participate in bereavement care, e.g., emergency/acute care, critical care, cardiac care | 10 (4 emergency care nurses, 4 critical care nurses, 2 cardiac care nurses) | 91.6% |
Trethewey (2019) [34] | UK | To evaluate the activities of the psychiatric decisions unit (PDU) and its impact on the frequency of ED presentations and inpatient admissions, and patient satisfaction with the PDU services | Quasi-experimental study | Psychiatric patients referred to the PDU either by a street triage team or a rapid assessment interface and discharge team | 385 patients referred to the PDU; 80 patients provided feedback on satisfaction with the PDU | 50% |
Zeller (2014) [35] | USA | To assess the effects of a regional dedicated emergency psychiatric facility design—the Alameda Model—on boarding times and hospitalization rates for psychiatric patients in the ED | Cross-sectional | Patients who presented to the ED on an involuntary mental health hold | 144 patients | 83.3% |
Wang (2016) [36] | Taiwan | To explore the medical decision-making process of patients in the ED | Grounded theory, interviews | Patients of an ED between June-December 2011 | 30 patients interviewed | 75% |
Heifetz (2018) [37] | Canada | To evaluate communication tools to be used by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in psychiatric and general EDs in three regions of Ontario, Canada | Descriptive study, evaluation | Stakeholders (e.g., hospital staff, community agency representatives, families) and individuals with IDD | 18 stakeholders completed interviews 28 caregivers, parents, and individuals with IDD completed feedback questionnaires | 58.3% |
Owens (2007) [38] | USA | To define exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) among adult female patients in emergency psychiatric settings and the relationship between the dependent variable of disclosure of IPV in a psychiatric emergency setting to clinical staff and the independent variable of perception of the provider by respondents | Descriptive, exploratory | Adult women who present for emergency psychiatric evaluation who have experienced a form of IPV | 216 patients | 75% |