Table 2 Definitions of PCC and key findings as identified by the included articles

Nicholas (2020) [26]

(1) Dignity and respect (listening to families and incorporating their values, knowledge and beliefs in care), (2) participation (families are encouraged to participate in care and decision-making to the level they choose), (3) collaboration (families are involved in care delivery, institutional policy and program development, and (4) information sharing (timely, complete and accurate information shared with families).

No comparison

Patient and family-centered care in the ED for children with autism spectrum disorder is strongly recommended and beneficial for patients, family, and staff.

Innes (2018) [27]

Patient-centered care was given to patients by being respectful, empathetic, and sincere when listening to patient histories; ensured that patients and families were involved in all discussions and decisions relating to their presentation and plan; clarify unclear points and use language/terminology appropriate for specific patients.

No comparison

Therapeutic engagement of emergency nurses with patients in the waiting room allowed them to deliver patient-centered, holistic, supportive, and informative care.

Polevoi (2013) [28]

Patient-centered care was reflected in the coordination of services (continuity of care) provided to patients in the ED, and access to psychiatric services in the ED through staff collaboration.

Traditional resident consultation model compared to new co-management model

The co-management model marked a reduced length of stay for all psychiatric patients and a decrease in the number of patients who left without being seen.

Frank (2009 B) [29]

Patient participation is a component of patient-centered care. Patient participation was defined by authors as having the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care; it requires that formal health carers are willing to focus on the interpersonal relationship between patients and carer, as well as having an attitude that enables patients to relate to them as subjects taking part in care

No comparison

Patients go through different stages of participation in care and have different needs for participation. This has important implications for ED staff in practice.

Frank (2009 A) [30]

Patient participation is a component of patient-centered care. Patient participation was defined by authors as having the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care; it requires that formal health carers are willing to focus on the interpersonal relationship between patients and carer, as well as having an attitude that enables patients to relate to them as subjects taking part in care.

No comparison

Patient participation is conditional of the healthcare providers or caregivers. It is most often circumstantial, and difficult for caregivers when dealing with aggravated patients.

Steven (2015) [31]

The CARES unit reflects collaboration of ED and psychiatric staff, accommodating parents and guardians to remain with children moved to the unit, and rapid stabilization via access to resources in an appropriate environment.

Pre-intervention group compared to post-intervention group

The length of stay in the ED after the implementation of CARES was significantly reduced, as was the ED cost per patient.

Wilhelm (2007) [32]

The intervention’s patient-centered component involved providing patients with a choice of problem area, i.e., what they wanted to work on most for themselves, and that that change was empowering for them while also providing a “taste” of what psychotherapeutic interventions have to offer. This reflects patient involvement in their own care and decision making.

Comparisons were made between repeat and first-time patient groups

The green card clinic provides a patient-centered, collaborative approach to intervention following self-harm and continuity of care through increased attendance in follow-up sessions.

Walker (2016) [33]

Person-centered care places patients and families at the heart of care decisions. The person-centered nursing framework was used to code material based on five care processes: working with patient’s beliefs and values, engagement, having sympathetic presence, sharing decision-making, and providing holistic care.

No comparison

Establishing a team philosophy of person-centered care can help promote consistency in the experiences of suddenly bereaved families.

Trethewey (2019) [34]

Respect and understanding are components of patient-centered care that was measured using the patient satisfaction and feedback forms in this study. Patients felt they were treated with respect and understanding

Pre-PDU data was compared to post-PDU data

The PDU helps to relieve psychiatric pressure on busy EDs and creates a more optimum environment for psychiatric assessment.

Zeller (2014) [35]

The Alameda model involves healthcare provider collaboration across EDs and EMS services to transfer patients to appropriate EDs equipped to handle psychiatric emergencies.

Earlier data collected in a 2012 California hospital survey

The Alameda model boarded psychiatric patients in the ED for 80% less time.

Wang (2016) [36]

A component of patient-centered care is sharing in decision making processes with the patient. This study breaks the decision-making process down into three phases and identifies how the patient and provider can problem-solve and make healthcare decisions collaboratively.

No comparison

Decision making processes occur in different stages and ED staff should support patients faced with complex medical decision making through advocacy, patient-centered care, shared decision-making, and education.

Heifetz (2018) [37]

Person-centered approach by easing communication between providers and patients with IDD

No comparison

The health passport tool allows patients to more easily communicate with healthcare providers but continued efforts are needed to educate staff on how to look for and use the tool effectively.

Owens (2007) [38]

Patient-centered behaviors of providers include measures of trust, interpersonal interactions, communication, and knowledge of the patient as a person.

Group of women who disclosed their history with IPV to their physician was compared to a group that did not disclose their history with IPV in terms of patient-centered behaviors demonstrated by the physician

Patient-centered behaviors play a role in assisting female abuse victims to disclose their experience with IPV. The perception of a provider as knowledgeable about their patients was associated with increased disclosure.