Table 1 Central stimulant drug poisoning – outpatient clinic patients. Demographics, drugs combined, treatment, and disposition
From: Poisoning with central stimulant drugs: an observational study from Oslo, Norway
Amphetamine n (%) | Cocaine n (%) | MDMA n (%) | Other n (%) | Multiple n (%) | Total n (%) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 555 (74.2) | 167 (85.2) | 51 (71.8) | 32 (80.0) | 57 (75.0) | 862 (76.2) | 0.021 |
Agea,b,c | 32 (26–41) | 28 (24–32) | 26 (23–30) | 28 (23–39) | 28 (24–34) | 30 (25–38) | < 0.001 |
Drugs in combinationd | |||||||
Ethanol | 138 (18.4) | 128 (65.3) | 50 (70.4) | 13 (32.5) | 36 (47.4) | 365 (32.3) | < 0.001 |
Opioidse | 310 (41.4) | 25 (12.8) | 7 (9.9) | 5 (12.5) | 15 (19.7) | 362 (32.0) | < 0.001 |
Benzodiazepines | 216 (28.9) | 24 (12.2) | 14 (19.7) | 3 (7.5) | 17 (22.4) | 274 (24.2) | < 0.001 |
GHB | 69 (9.2) | 11 (5.6) | 4 (5.6) | 1 (2.5) | 11 (14.5) | 96 (8.5) | 0.069 |
Cannabis | 78 (10.4) | 31 (15.8) | 8 (11.3) | 4 (10.0) | 7 (9.2) | 128 (11.3) | 0.29 |
Other/unknown | 23 (3.1) | 9 (4.6) | - | 3 (7.5) | 3 (3.9) | 38 (3.4) | 0.15 |
Brought by ambulance | 373 (49.9) | 102 (52.0) | 33 (46.5) | 17 (42.5) | 39 (51.3) | 564 (49.9) | 0.80 |
Treatmentf | 150 (20.1) | 38 (19.4) | 8 (11.3) | 5 (12.5) | 12 (15.8) | 213 (18.8) | 0.29 |
Sedation | 31 (4.1) | 16 (8.2) | 5 (7.0) | 1 (2.5) | 6 (7.9) | 59 (5.2) | 0.12 |
Naloxone | 93 (12.4) | 5 (2.6) | 2 (2.8) | 3 (7.5) | 3 (3.9) | 106 (9.4) | < 0.001 |
Flumazenil | 1 (0.1) | - | - | - | - | 1 (0.1) | 1.00 |
Length of staya,g | 3:24 (1:44–5:25) | 2:24 (1:30–4:28) | 2:20 (1:32–5:07) | 1:59 (1:09–3:23) | 2:40 (1:35–5:23) | 3:01 (1:38–5:12) | < 0.001 |
Disposition | < 0.001 | ||||||
Hospital, medical ED | 121 (16.2) | 31 (15.8) | 9 (12.7) | 10 (25.0) | 16 (21.1) | 187 (16.5) | |
Psychiatric hospital | 65 (8.7) | 10 (5.1) | 3 (4.2) | 14 (35.0) | 4 (5.3) | 96 (8.5) | |
Medical discharge | 451 (60.3) | 121 (61.7) | 46 (64.8) | 10 (25.0) | 43 (56.6) | 671 (59.3) | |
Self-discharge | 111 (14.8) | 34 (17.3) | 13 (18.3) | 6 (15.0) | 13 (17.1) | 177 (15.6) | |
Total | 748 (100) | 196 (100) | 71 (100) | 40 (100) | 76 (100) | 1131 (100) | |