Table 2 Central stimulant drug poisoning – hospital ED patients. Demographics, drugs combined, treatment, and disposition
From: Poisoning with central stimulant drugs: an observational study from Oslo, Norway
Amphetamine n (%) | Cocaine n (%) | MDMA n (%) | Multiple n (%) | Total n (%) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 86 (71.1) | 27 (84.4) | 6 (75.0) | 34 (68.0) | 153 (72.5) | 0.40 |
Agea,b,c | 33 (28–40) | 28 (23–36) | 26 (24–30) | 28 (24–35) | 31 (25–38) | 0.013 |
Drugs in combinationd | ||||||
Ethanol | 44 (36.4) | 20 (62.5) | 8 (100) | 31 (62.0) | 103 (48.8) | < 0.001 |
Opioidse | 50 (41.3) | 7 (21.9) | 1 (12.5) | 20 (40.0) | 78 (37.0) | 0.095 |
Benzodiazepines | 55 (45.5) | 4 (12.5) | - | 22 (44.0) | 81 (38.4) | < 0.001 |
GHB | 63 (52.1) | 4 (12.5) | 2 (25.0) | 20 (40.0) | 89 (42.2) | < 0.001 |
Cannabis | 34 (28.1) | 6 (18.8) | 3 (37.5) | 26 (52.0) | 69 (32.7) | 0.006 |
Other/unknown | 6 (5.0) | 6 (18.8) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (12.0) | 19 (9.0) | 0.049 |
Brought by ambulance | 114 (94.2) | 28 (87.5) | 7 (87.5) | 49 (98.0) | 198 (93.8) | 0.16 |
Treatmentf | 101 (83.5) | 25 (78.1) | 7 (87.5) | 48 (96.0) | 181 (85.8) | 0.055 |
Intubated | 17 (14.0) | 7 (21.9) | 1 (12.5) | 21 (42.0) | 46 (21.8) | 0.001 |
Sedation | 29 (24.0) | 16 (50.0) | 3 (37.5) | 33 (66.0) | 81 (38.4) | < 0.001 |
Naloxone | 51 (42.1) | 8 (25.0) | - | 19 (38.0) | 78 (37.0) | 0.044 |
Flumazenil | 40 (33.1) | 5 (15.6) | - | 14 (28.0) | 59 (28.0) | 0.069 |
Length of staya,g | 12:06 (6:09–29:26) | 26:04 (11:03–57:18) | 12:00 (7:59–16:49) | 17:43 (12:48–47:32) | 14:19 (8:05–33:12) | 0.011 |
Disposition from ED | 0.77 | |||||
Intensive care unit | 111 (91.7) | 29 (90.6) | 8 (100.0) | 48 (96.0) | 196 (92.9) | |
Psychiatric ward | 1 (0.8) | - | - | 1 (2.0) | 2 (0.9) | |
Other hospital ward | 6 (5.0) | 2 (6.3) | - | - | 8 (3.8) | |
Medical discharge | 1 (0.8) | - | - | - | 1 (0.5) | |
Self-discharge | 2 (1.7) | 1 (3.1) | - | 1 (2.0) | 4 (1.9) | |
Total | 121 (100) | 32 (100) | 8 (100) | 50 (100) | 211 (100) | |