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Table 2 Clinical characteristics, laboratory, radiology, and therapeutic data stratified by NIPPV failure

From: Factors associated with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation failure in a COVID-19 intermediate care unit

 

NIPPV success

NIPPV failure

p value

 

n = 97 (59.5%)

n = 66 (40.5%)

Age (years)–median (IQR)

61.6

(52–61)

69.4

(62–76)

< 0.001

Male sex–n (%)

57

(58.8)

48

(72.7)

0.068

Scores at admission–mean ± SD

 SOFA

2.53

 ± 0.89

2.94

 ± 1.07

0.037

 SIC

2.69

 ± 1.10

3.80

 ± 1.72

< 0.001

 Frailty

2.63

 ± 0.68

3.30

 ± 1.14

0.001

Pulmonary infiltrates > 50% parenchyma on chest radiograph–n (%)

37

(38.1)

25

(37.9)

0.973

Blood tests–mean ± SD

 Highest value

  Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.13

 ± 1.62

2.58

 ± 3.14

< 0.001

  LDH (U/L)

554.64

 ± 183.68

801.55

 ± 356.68

< 0.001

  ALT (U/L)

95.14

 ± 82.38

94.24

 ± 126.11

0.066

  Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.89

 ± 0.41

1.09

 ± 0.60

0.028

  CRP (mg/dL)

15.83

 ± 8.05

25.24

 ± 10.90

< 0.001

  Procalcitonin (ng/mL)

0.59

 ± 2.32

7.11

 ± 35.87

< 0.001

  Ferritin (ng/mL)

1977.03

 ± 2059.99

3706.82

 ± 6039.27

0.001

  Leukocyte count (G/L)

13.44

 ± 4.43

16.99

 ± 7.36

0.001

  ESR (mm/h)

52.17

 ± 19.23

61.73

 ± 28.59

0.010

  D-Dimer (ng/mL)

2664.70

 ± 6590

5056.32

 ± 9574

0.001

 Lowest value

  Lymphocyte count (G/L)

0.70

 ± 0.34

1.02

 ± 3.05

< 0.001

  Platelet count (G/L)

172.13

 ± 59.95

136.50

 ± 53.15

< 0.001

Arterial blood gas tests–mean ± SD

 PaO2 before starting NIPPV (mmHg)

82.18

 ± 36.95

81.05

 ± 45.76

0.137

 PaCO2 before starting NIPPV (mmHg)

34.64

 ± 6.33

35.54

 ± 9.35

0.696

 FiO2 before starting NIPPV

0.64

 ± 0.18

0.69

 ± 0.21

0.056

 SpO2 before starting NIPPV (%)

93.85

 ± 3.94

91.90

 ± 5.69

0.061

 Lactate before starting NIPPV (mmol/L)

1.80

 ± 0.70

1.93

 ± 0.93

0.637

 PaO2 after starting NIPPV (mmHg)

121.91

 ± 44.51

103.65

 ± 55.98

< 0.001

 PaCO2 after starting NIPPV (mmHg)

35.87

 ± 5.22

36.09

 ± 8.10

0.913

 SpO2 after starting NIPPV (%)

97.27

 ± 1.71

95.59

 ± 3.62

< 0.001

 Lactate after starting NIPPV (%)

1.76

 ± 0.55

1.80

 ± 0.65

0.865

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio before starting NIPPV

138.25

 ± 69.42

125.62

 ± 68.13

0.038

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio after starting NIPPV

189.04

 ± 77.26

130.29

 ± 70.32

< 0.001

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio variation

55.21

 ± 75.34

15.55

 ± 57.72

< 0.001

NIPPV–mean ± SD

 Duration of NIPPV (days)

5.32

 ± 2.90

7.05

 ± 6.22

0.737

 Duration of symptoms until starting NIPPV (days)

8.11

 ± 3.65

7.64

 ± 4.66

0.552

 Door-to-mask time (days)

2.53

 ± 1.70

3.73

 ± 3.69

0.221

 Highest IPAP (mmH2O)

16.57

 ± 2.46

18.57

 ± 2.49

< 0.001

 Highest EPAP/CPAP (mmH2O)

12.36

 ± 1.34

13.48

 ± 1.35

< 0.001

 Highest tidal volume (mL)

697.77

 ± 164.25

809.79

 ± 293.84

0.028

 Highest respiratory rate (cpm)

27.58

 ± 5.17

35.44

 ± 9.40

< 0.001

Treatment–n (%)

 Steroids

97

(100.0)

62

(93.9)

0.025

 Remdesivir

70

(72.2)

25

(37.9)

< 0.001

 Antibiotics

31

(32.0)

40

(60.6)

< 0.001

 Morphine

5

(5.2)

32

(48.5)

< 0.001

 Sedationa

13

(13.4)

31

(47.7)

< 0.001

 Adherence to prone positioning

83

(92.2)

25

(50.0)

< 0.001

  1. ALT alanine aminotransferase, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, CRP C-reactive protein, EPAP expiratory positive airway pressure, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen, IPAP inspiratory positive airway pressure, IQR interquartile range, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, NIPPV non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen, SD standard deviation, SIC sepsis-induced coagulopathy, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, SpO2 oxygen saturation
  2. aOther than morphine (benzodiazepines. antipsychotics)