Table 1 Characteristics of patients with traumatic OHCA presenting to five major hospitals of Karachi
Characteristics | n (%) |
|---|---|
Age in years, mean (SD), range 18–70 years | 35.1 (11.1) |
18–35 | 113 (60.4) |
36–54 | 60 (32.1) |
55–70 | 14 (7.5) |
Gender | |
Men | 178 (95.2) |
Women | 9 (4.8) |
Type of trauma | |
Blunt | 58 (31.0) |
Penetrating | 128 (68.4) |
Cause of arrest | |
Gunshot | 127 (68.3) |
RTA | 45 (24.2) |
Fall | 5 (2.7) |
Crushed | 1 (0.5) |
Violence with a blunt object | 6 (3.2) |
Bomb blast victim | 1 (0.5) |
Burn | 1 (0.5) |
Unknown cause | 1 (0.5) |
Site of arrest | |
Residence | 14 (7.5) |
Public | 173 (92.5) |
Type of witness | |
Lay person | 59 (31.6) |
Health care provider | 1 (0.5) |
Family | 42 (22.5) |
EMS | 2 (1.1) |
None | 83 (44.6) |
Type of pre-hospital transportation | |
Ambulance with life support | 6 (3.2) |
Ambulance without life support | 150 (80.2) |
Non-EMS | 31 (16.6) |
First assessed rhythm | |
Shockable | 0 (0) |
Non-shockable | 140 (74.9) |
Not recorded | 47 (25.1) |
Time to reach hospital, median (IQR) | 30.0 (20,40) |
Outcomes on arrival at ED | |
Alive | 6 (3.2) |
Declared dead | 181 (96.8) |
Median survival time (IQR) | 35.0 (23.0, 51.0) |
Destination hospital | |
Public | 185 (98.9) |
Private | 2 (1.1) |
Life-saving interventions | |
Pre-hospital | 3 (1.6) |
Hospital | 7 (3.7) |
None | 177 (94.7) |
CPR | |
Pre-hospital | 2 (1.1) |
Hospital | 6 (3.2) |
None | 179 (95.7) |
Time to the first life-support intervention, median (IQR), range 7–58 min n = 10 | 30 (13.2, 33.5) |
EMS scene time, median (IQR), range 0–8 min n = 156 | 2 (1,3) |
EMS response time, median (IQR), range 0–20 min n = 156 | 3 (1,6.7) |