Table 3 Reported cases of cardiac cephalalgia
From: Cardiac cephalalgia: a case series of four patients and updated literature review
Author | Year | Age | Sex | Site | Quality | Intensity | Onset | Duration | Autonomic signs | Cardiac symptoms | Trigger | ECG | Coronary lesion | Therapy | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caskey [13] | 1978 | 47 | M | Right eye | Pressing | Severe | NA | 30–40 s | None | Chest pain, l-arm pain | Rest, mild exercise | ST elevation | NA | Nitrate | Resolved |
Lefkowitz [14] | 1982 | 62 | M | Bregmatic | Explosive | Severe | NA | NA | NA | Retrosternal pain, arm numbness | Stress, exertion | ST depression (stress) | 3 vessel | CABG | Resolved |
Fleetcroft [15] | 1985 | 78 | F | Frontal | NA | NA | NA | NA | None | Chest tightness | Mild exercise, cold, meal | ST elevation | NA | Nitrates | Resolved |
Blacky [16] | 1987 | 40 | M | Bitemporal | NA | NA | NA | NA | None | None | Vigorous exercise | ST depression (stress) | RCA | Nitrates | Resolved |
Vernay [17] | 1989 | 71 | M | Occipital parietal frontal | NA | NA | NA | NA | None | Shoulder pain radiating to arms | Exertion, exercise, meal | ST depression (stress) | NA | Nitrates | Resolved |
Takayanagi [18] | 1990 | 67 | M | Occipital | pulsating | Severe | NA | a few minutes | None | Chest pressure | Hot bath, sleeping, urination | ST elevation | NA | Nitrates | Died |
Takayanagi [18] | 1990 | 64 | F | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Chest pain | NA | ST elevation | 3 vessel | Nitrates | Died |
Bowen [19] | 1993 | 59 | M | Bitemporal | NA | Severe | Sudden | 10–30 m | None | Chest pressure, left arm pain | NA | ST depression | RCA, OM | PCI | Resolved |
Ishida [20] | 1996 | 64 | M | Occipital | Throbbing | Severe | Sudden | 10Â h | Nausea | Shoulder pain | Rest | ST depression (stress) | 3 vessel | PCI | Resolved |
Lipton [2] | 1997 | 57 | M | Vertex | Sharp or shooting | Severe | Gradual | Minutes–hours | Nausea | Abdominal or chest pain | Vigorous exercise, sexual activity | ST depression (stress) | 3 vessel | CABG | Resolved |
Lipton [2] | 1997 | 67 | M | Bifrontal | Squeezy, steadily, pressing | Severe | Gradual | Minutes–hours | None | None | Vigorous exercise | ST depression (stress) | 3 vessel | PCI | Resolved |
Grace [21] | 1997 | 59 | M | Vertex occipital | Bursting | Severe | Sudden | Seconds | None | None | Mild exercise | ST depression (stress) | LAD, RCA | CABG | Relapse |
Lance [22] | 1998 | 62 | M | Right frontal | NA | NA | Gradual | Minutes | None | Chest pain | Mild exercise | ST depression (stress) | LAD, RCA | CABG | Resolved |
Lanza [23] | 2000 | 68 | M | Occipital | NA | NA | NA | NA | None | Shoulder pain | Rest | Peaked T in V2-4 | 3 vessel | CABG | Resolved |
Lanza [23] | 2000 | 70 | M | Occipital | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | None | Rest | NA | 3 vessel | NA | NA |
Amendo [24] | 2001 | 78 | F | Bitemporal | NA | Severe | NA | Hours | Vomiting | None | NA | ST elevation | 3 vessel | CABG | Resolved |
Amendo [24] | 2001 | 77 | F | Right frontal and maxillary | NA | Severe | Acute | Hours | None | None | NA | Precordial R progression | Normal | NA | NA |
Auer [25] | 2001 | 47 | M | Occipital | NA | NA | NA | Minutes–2 h | NA | NA | NA | ST elevation | LAD, RCA | Advanced life support | Died |
Rambihar [26] | 2001 | 65 | F | Occipital | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Shoulder and left arm pain | Exercise, meal | ST depression (stress) | 3 vessel | CABG | Partially resolved |
Famularo [27] | 2002 | 70 | M | Fronto-parietal bilateral | Sharp or shooting | Severe | NA | 2 d | None | Mid epigastric pain | NA | ST elevation | NA | Nitrates | Resolved |
Gutierrez-Morlote [28] | 2002 | 59 | M | Vertex occipital bilateral | Dull and throbbing | Moderate-severe | Rapidly progressive | 1 d | Nausea, photophobia | Chest pain | Rest | ST depression | NA | Nitrates | Resolved |
Martinez [29] | 2002 | 68 | F | Left hemicranial | Shooting | Severe | Gradual | 1Â h | None | None | Mild exercise, exertion | ST elevation | 3 vessel | PCI | Resolved |
Sathirapanya [30] | 2004 | 58 | M | Left occipital | Sharp or shooting | Severe | NA | 15–20 m | None | Chest tightness | Exertion | ST elevation | 3 vessel | CABG | Resolved |
Chen [31] | 2004 | 76 | M | Bitemporal | Non-throbbing | Mild-severe | NA | 5Â m | None | Chest pain | Rest, exertion | ST depression (stress) | LAD, RCA | Nitrates | Resolved |
Gutierrez-Morlote [32] | 2005 | 74 | F | Bitemporal | Pulsating | Severe | NA | Minutes–hours | Nausea | Chest tightness | Rest | ST depression | NA | Nitrates | Resolved |
Gutierrez-Morlote [32] | 2005 | 64 | F | Uni- or bilateral | Oppressive | Severe | Sudden | 1Â h | None | None | Rest, mild exercise | NA | NA | NA | Died after resolution |
Korantzopoulos [33] | 2005 | 73 | F | Occipital | Sharp | Severe | Sudden | 1Â h | Nausea, vomiting | None | Rest | ST depression | LAD | Nitrates | Resolved |
Cutrer [34] | 2006 | 55 | M | Biparietal | Non-throbbing | NA | Gradual | Minutes | None | None | Mild exercise, sexual activity | Normal | LAD, RCA | PCI | Resolved |
Seow [7] | 2007 | 35 | M | NA | Explosive | Severe | Gradual | 1 d | Vomiting, cold sweating | None | NA | ST elevation | LAD | NA | Resolved |
Broner [8] | 2007 | 72 | F | Occipital frontal bilateral | Sharp and throbbing | severe | Sudden | Hours | Nausea, vomiting pallor | None | Rest, exertion | ST elevation | RCA | Heparin | Resolved |
Wei [35] | 2008 | 36 | M | Vertex to occipital bilateral | Dull | Severe | Rapidly progressive | NA | NA | NA | NA | ST elevation | LAD | PCI | Resolved |
Wei [35] | 2008 | 85 | F | Right eye | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Chest pain | Exercise | NA | Normal | Nitrates | Resolved |
Wang [36] | 2008 | 81 | F | NA | NA | Severe | NA | Hours | Dizziness, diaphoresis, nausea | VF | NA | ST elevation | RCX | PCI | Resolved |
Dalzell [9] | 2009 | 44 | F | Occipital | NA | Severe | Sudden | NA | Nausea, vomiting, sweating | None | NA | ST elevation | RCA | PCI | Resolved |
Sendovski [10] | 2009 | 61 | F | Forehead | NA | Severe | NA | NA | None | None | Exertion | ST depression | 3 vessel | PCI | Resolved |
Chatzizisis [37] | 2010 | 42 | M | Frontal bitemporal | NA | Severe | Sudden | Hours | None | None | NA | ST elevation | LAD | PCI | Resolved |
Cheng [38] | 2010 | 52 | F | Bilateral | Throbbing | Severe | Sudden | 3 d | None | Chest pain | Local anesthesia | Equivocal | Normal | Nitrates | Resolved |
Cheng [38] | 2010 | 67 | F | Jaw, mandibula, bilateral temporoparietal | Throbbing | Severe | Sudden | 5Â m | None | Exertional dyspnea | Exertion | Normal | 2 vessel | PCI | Resolved |
Yang [39] | 2010 | 44 | F | Bifrontal | NA | Severe | NA | NA | Nausea | Chest tightness | Exertion | ST depression (stress) | spasm | Nitrates | Resolved |
Costopoulos [40] | 2011 | 55 | M | Occipital | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | None | Exertion | ST depression | 3 vessel | Nitrates, CABG | Resolved |
Elgharably [41] | 2013 | 55 | M | Frontal | NA | Severe | NA |  > 12 h | None | None | NA | Q wave | LAD | PCI | Resolved |
Asvestas [42] | 2014 | 86 | M | Occipital | NA | Severe | NA | NA | None | None | NA | ST depression | LCX, LAD | PCI | Resolved |
Wassef [43] | 2014 | 44 | M | NA | Oppressive | Severe | NA | NA | None | Chest discomfort | Exertion | ST depression (stress) | LAD | PCI | Resolved |
Mathew [44] | 2015 | 47 | M | Bioccipital to vertex | NA | Severe | NA | A few minutes | None | None | Exertion | NA | LAD | PCI | Resolved |
Prakash [45] | 2015 | 67 | M | Posterior to holocephalic | Intense, excruciating | Severe | Sudden | 10–60 m | Nausea | None | Lifting heavy objects, sexual activities | ST depression (stress) | 3 vessel | CABG | Resolved |
Chowdhury [46] | 2015 | 51 | M | Pre-auricula to forehead, vertex, occipital | NA | NA | NA | 2–3 m | None | Mild chest tightness and sweating | Stress, exertion | Mild ST-T change | LAD, LCX | PCI | Resolved |
Huang [47] | 2016 | 70 | F | Bilateral posterior nuchal | Dull squeezing | NA | Sudden | NA | Dizziness | None | None | ST elevation | LAD | PCI | Resolved |
Shankar [48] | 2016 | 73 | M | Generalized | Dull | NA | NA | 5Â m | None | None | Exertion | ST depression (stress) | 3 vessel | CABG | Resolved |
Wang [6] | 2017 | 40 | M | Bitemporal | Pulsatile, tight | Moderate-severe | NA | 5–10 m | Cold sweating | Chest discomfort, palpitations, | Exertion, cold stimuli, sexual activities | Inverted T | LAD, RCA, LCX, D | PCI | Resolved |
Majumder [49] | 2017 | 48 | F | NA | NA | Severe | NA | Hours | None | None | Exertion | ST depression | LAD, RCA | PCI | Resolved |
Lazari [50] | 2019 | 64 | M | Generalized | Compressing | Severe | Rapidly progressive | 5–15 m | None | None | NA | ST elevation | RCA | PCI | Resolved |
MacIsaac [51] | 2019 | 86 | M | Bilateral, posterior | Dull | Severe | Progressive | 30–90 m | None | Chest pain | None | ST depression | RCA, LCX, D | Warfarin | Resolved |
Santos [52] | 2019 | 62 | M | Holocranial | Aching | NA | NA | NA | None | Chest pain | None | Normal | 3 vessel | CABG | Died |
Ruiz Ortiz [53] | 2020 | 74 | F | Vertex, Bitemporal | Oppressive | Moderate | NA | NA | None | None | Exertion | ST elevation | 3 vessel | PCI | Resolved |
Sun [54] | 2021 | 83 | F | NA | Migraine-like | NA | NA | Hours | None | Chest pain | None | ST elevation | RCA | PCI | Resolved |
Kobata | 2021 | 69 | M | Occipital | Pulsatile | Severe | Sudden | NA | Nausea, sweating | None | None | ST elevation | RCA | PCI | Resolved |
Kobata | 2021 | 66 | F | Occipital | NA | Severe | Sudden | NA | Cold sweating | Chest discomfort | Exertion | ST elevation | LAD | PCI | Resolved |
Kobata | 2021 | 54 | M | Occipital | Strangulation | Moderate | Gradual | NA | Cold sweating | Chest discomfort | Meal | ST elevation | 3 vessel | PCI | Resolved |
Kobata | 2021 | 72 | M | NA | NA | Severe | Sudden | NA | Nausea, vomiting | None | None | ST elevation | 3 vessel | PCI | Resolved/Died |