Table 3 Clinical features of poisoning involving central stimulant drugs – outpatient clinic patients

Tachypnoea (RR ≥ 20/min)^a

120 (16.0)

38 (19.4)

16 (22.5)

7 (17.5)

17 (22.4)

198 (17.5)

0.40

Bradypnoea (RR < 10/min)^a

29 (3.9)

3 (1.5)

-

1 (2.5)

3 (3.9)

36 (3.2)

0.23

Tachycardia (HR ≥ 100/min)^a

298 (39.8)

98 (50.0)

42 (59.2)

20 (50.0)

41 (53.9)

499 (44.1)

0.001

Bradycardia (HR < 50/min)^a

9 (1.2)

1 (0.5)

1 (1.4)

-

-

11 (1.0)

0.80

Hypertension (SBP ≥ 180 mmHg)

2 (0.3)

1 (0.5)

1 (1.4)

-

-

4 (0.4)

0.32

Hypotension (SBP ≤ 90 mmHg)

21 (2.8)

3 (1.5)

1 (1.4)

1 (2.5)

1 (1.3)

27 (2.4)

0.85

Hyperthermia (tp ≥ 39.0 °C)

13 (1.7)

-

-

-

-

13 (1.1)

0.28

Level of consciousness^a,b

0.83

 GCS score 15

417 (55.9)

119 (60.7)

38 (53.5)

22 (57.9)

46 (60.5)

642 (57.0)

 GCS score 8–14

316 (42.4)

76 (38.8)

33 (46.5)

16 (42.1)

29 (38.2)

470 (41.7)

 GCS score ≤ 7

13 (1.7)

1 (0.5)

-

-

1 (1.3)

15 (1.3)

Vomiting

21 (2.8)

15 (7.7)

9 (12.7)

2 (5.0)

6 (7.9)

53 (4.7)

 < 0.001

Headache

23 (3.1)

8 (4.1)

3 (4.2)

1 (2.5)

5 (6.6)

40 (3.5)

0.48

Anxiety

91 (12.2)

45 (23.0)

8 (11.3)

1 (2.5)

15 (19.7)

160 (14.1)

 < 0.001

Hallucinations

61 (8.2)

10 (5.1)

2 (2.8)

8 (20.0)

8 (10.5)

89 (7.9)

0.009

Agitation

208 (27.8)

47 (24.0)

17 (23.9)

24 (60.0)

18 (23.7)

314 (27.8)

 < 0.001

Psychosis

98 (13.1)

17 (8.7)

7 (9.9)

17 (42.5)

7 (9.2)

146 (12.9)

 < 0.001

Seizures

13 (1.7)

1 (0.5)

2 (2.8)

1 (2.5)

3 (3.9)

20 (1.8)

0.18

Palpitations

22 (2.9)

32 (16.3)

5 (7.0)

3 (7.5)

7 (9.2)

69 (6.1)

 < 0.001

Chest pain

35 (4.7)

40 (20.4)

1 (1.4)

1 (2.5)

7 (9.2)

84 (7.4)

 < 0.001

Arrhythmias

1 (0.1)

-

-

-

-

1 (0.1)

1.00

Total

748 (100)

196 (100)

71 (100)

40 (100)

76 (100)

1131 (100)