Table 1 Patient characteristics by mortality status at hospital discharge

Age

62.30±18.1

72.91±15.1

58.59±17.6

<0.001

Sex (male)

492 (50.3)

149 (58.7)

343 (47.4)

0.002

Body mass index

25.86±6.27

25.12±6.70

26.12±6.10

0.032

Day of symptoms

4, 5

4, 3

4, 5

0.001

 Coronary artery disease

90 (9.2)

34 (13.4)

56 (7.7)

0.007

 Cerebrovascular disease

92 (9.4)

40 (15.7)

52 (7.2)

<0.001

 Chronic pulmonary disease

81 (8.3)

29 (11.4)

52 (7.2)

0.035

 Diabetes mellitus

323 (33)

86 (33.9)

237 (32.7)

0.743

 Moderate to severe renal disease

145 (14.8)

63 (24.8)

82 (11.3)

<0.001

 Cancer

64 (6.5)

23 (9.1)

41 (5.7)

0.060

 Immunodeficiency status

30 (3.1)

9 (3.5)

21 (2.9)

0.609

 Do-not-resuscitate status

228 (23.3)

163 (64.2)

65 (9.0)

<0.001

 Charlson comorbidity index

1, 3

2, 4

1, 2

<0.001

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

136.53±28.95

136.64±30.20

136.49±28.5

0.942

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

78.66±16.61

75.90±18.8

79.63±15.7

0.002

 Pulse rate (beats/min)

95.71±19.07

98.94±21.4

94.58±19.0

0.002

 Respiratory rate (breaths/min)

28, 12

32, 10

28, 10

<0.001

 Body temperature (°C)

36.9, 1.0

37.0, 1.2

36.9, 1.0

0.020

 Glasgow Coma Scale score

15, 0

15, 1

15, 0

<0.001

 Oxygen saturation (%)

92, 11

88, 17

94, 7

<0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

12.5, 2.8

12.2, 3.3

12.6, 2.6

0.013

 White blood cells (×10³/μL)

7.2, 4.8

7.3, 5.5

6.9, 4.5

0.012

 Platelet (×10⁴/μL)

21.6, 10.8

22.2, 11

20.3, 10.3

<0.001

 Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73m²)

64.65±33.71

52.08±29.4

74.53±33.5

<0.001

 Lactate (mg/dL)

0.52±1.51

1.71±2.9

0.42±1.0

<0.001

 D-dimer (g/L)

0.67, 1.69

0.961, 2.11

0.50, 1.24

<0.001

 Aspartate transaminase (AST) (mg/dL)

44, 39

52, 50

42, 38

<0.001

 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mg/dL)

26, 27

28, 31

27, 33

0.717

 Total bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.44, 0.36

0.50, 0.43

0.47, 0.34

0.128

 Procalcitonin (mg/L)

0.20, 0.55

0.36, 1.31

0.15, 0.19

<0.001

 C-reactive protein (μg/L)

69.16, 87.4

82.4, 121.35

60.88, 90.84

<0.001

 Corticosteroids

841 (86.2)

242 (95.3)

599 (83.0)

<0.001

 Favipiravir

930 (95.2)

238 (93.7)

692 (95.7)

0.197

 Remdesivir

145 (14.8)

56 (22.0)

89 (12.3)

<0.001

 Tocilizumab

54 (5.5)

18 (7.1)

36 (5.0)

0.206

 Baricitinib

12 (1.2)

5 (2.0)

7 (1.0)

0.213

 High flow nasal cannula

173 (17.7)

63 (24.8)

110 (15.2)

0.001

 Endotracheal intubation

155 (15.8)

109 (42.9)

46 (6.4)

<0.001

 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

2 (0.2)

2 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

0.017

 Inotropic drugs

140 (14.3)

108 (42.5)

32 (4.4)

<0.001

 Renal replacement therapy

45 (4.6)

20 (7.9)

25 (3.5)

0.004

 ICU

95 (9.8)

41 (16.2)

54 (7.5)

<0.001

 Intermediate ward

506 (52.1)

157 (62.1)

349 (48.5)

<0.001

 Low-acuity ward

254 (26.1)

25 (9.9)

229 (31.8)

<0.001

 Field hospital

44 (4.5)

1 (0.4)

43 (6.0)

<0.001

 ^aHospitel

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.3)

<0.001

 Home isolation

32 (3.3)

0 (0.0)

32 (4.5)

<0.001

 Transfer

8 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

8 (1.1)

<0.001

 Dead

29 (3.0)

29 (3.0)

0 (0.0)

<0.001

 Other

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.3)

<0.001

 Ventilator associated pneumonia

39 (4.0)

24 (9.4)

15 (2.1)

<0.001

 Hospital associated pneumonia

125 (12.8)

80 (31.5)

45 (6.2)

<0.001

 Bacterial pneumonia

170 (17.4)

92 (36.2)

78 (10.8)

<0.001

 Other hospital-acquired infection

89 (9.1)

38 (15.0)

51 (7.0)

<0.001

 Septic shock

137 (14.0)

103 (40.6)

34 (4.7)

<0.001

 Acute respiratory distress syndrome

146 (14.9)

104 (40.9)

42 (5.8)

<0.001

 Pulmonary embolism

29 (3)

13 (5.1)

16 (2.2)

0.019

 Stroke

6 (0.6)

4 (1.6)

2 (0.3)

0.023

 Myocardial infarction

7 (0.7)

7 (2.8)

0 (0.0)

<0.001

 Pneumothorax

20 (2.0)

11 (4.3)

9 (1.2)

0.003

 Hospital length of stay (days)

10, 9

10, 12

10, 8

0.424

 ICU length of stay (days)

8, 10

10, 10

7, 5

0.003