Table 2 Study risk of bias
From: Screening for harmful substance use in emergency departments: a systematic review
Author, Year | Patient Selection | Index Test | Reference standard | Flow & timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Could the selection of patients have introduced bias? | Could the conduct or interpretation of the index test have introduced bias? | Could the reference standard, its conduct, or its interpretation have introduced bias? | Could the patient flow have introduced bias? | |
Bastiaens, 2002 [22] | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Unclear |
Beaudoin, 2016 [23] | Low | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
Borges, 2001 [24] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
Brousse, 2014 [25] | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Unclear |
Canagasaby, 2005 [26] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
Chalmers, 2019 [27] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
Cherpitel, 2000a [19] | Low | No | Unclear | No |
Cherpitel, 2000b [18] | Low | Yes | Unclear | No |
Cherpitel, 2000c [20] | Low | No | Unclear | No |
Cherpitel, 2001a [21] | Low | No | Unclear | No |
Cherpitel, 2001b [17] | Unclear | No | Unclear | No |
Cherpitel, 2003 [28] | Low | No | No | No |
Cherpitel, 2005 [29] | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | No |
Cremonte, 2010 [30] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | No |
Cremonte, 2008 [31] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
Friedmann, 2001 [32] | Low | No | Unclear | No |
Galicia, 2016 [33] | Low | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
Geneste, 2012 [34] | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
Giguere, 2017 [35] | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
Kelly, 2004 [36] | High | Yes | Unclear | No |
Kelly, 2009 [37] | High | Yes | Unclear | No |
Lee, 2019 [38] | Unclear | Yes | Yes | No |
Meneses-Gaya, 2010a [39] | Low | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
Meneses-Gaya, 2010b [40] | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
Neumann, 2004 [41] | Low | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
Neumann, 2009 [42] | High | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Sattler, 2019 [43] | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes |
Seale, 2018 [44] | Unclear | No | Unclear | No |
Singh, 2015 [45] | High | Yes | Yes | Yes |
van der Westhuizen, 2016 [46] | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
Vinson, 2007 [47] | Unclear | Yes | No | No |
Williams, 2001 [48] | High | Yes | Unclear | No |
Wilson, 2020 [49] | High | No | Unclear | Yes |