Kobusingye OC, Hyder AA, Bishai D, Hicks ER, Mock C. Emergency medical systems in low- and middle-income countries: recommendations for action. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(8):626–31.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Srivastava R, Canto JG. Use of emergency medical services in acute myocardial infarction and subsequent quality of care. Cardiovasc Rev Reports. 2003;24(10):527–31.
Google Scholar
Mehmood A, Rowther AA, Kobusingye O, Hyder AA. Assessment of pre-hospital emergency medical services in low-income settings using a health systems approach. International journal of emergency medicine. 2018;11(1):1-0.
Burkholder TW, Hill K, Hynes EJC. Developing emergency care systems: a human rights-based approach. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(9):612–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–13. Available from:. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fan E, Beitler JR, Brochard L, Calfee CS, Ferguson ND, Slutsky AS, et al. COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(8):816–21. Available from:. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30304-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020:1–10.
Rubin SJS, Falkson SR, Degner NR, Blish C. Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California. J Clin Transl Sci. 2020;(Table 2):1–4.
Fernandez AR, Crowe RP, Bourn S, Matt SE, Brown AL, Hawthorn AB, et al. COVID-19 preliminary case series: characteristics of EMS encounters with linked hospital diagnoses. Prehospital Emerg Care. 2020;0(0):000. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2020.1792016.
Article
Google Scholar
Torjesen I. COVID-19: patients to use pulse oximetry at home to spot deterioration. BMJ. 2020;(October):m4151.
Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, Hardwick HE, Pius R, Norman L, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: Prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369.
Edelson DP, Sasson C, Chan PS, Atkins DL, Aziz K, Becker LB, et al. Interim guidance for basic and advanced life support in adults, children, and neonates with suspected or confirmed COVID-19: from the emergency cardiovascular care committee and get with the guidelines-resuscitation adult and pediatric task forces of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020:E933–43.
Allen R, Wanersdorfer K, Zebley J, Shapiro G, Coullahan T, Sarani B. Interhospital transfer of critically ill patients because of coronavirus disease 19–related respiratory failure. Air Med J. 2020;000:4–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2020.07.007.
Article
Google Scholar
Bergman LM, Pettersson ME, Chaboyer WP, Carlström ED, Ringdal ML. Safety hazards during intrahospital transport: a prospective observational study. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(10):e1043–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Papson JPN, Russell KL, Taylor DMD. Unexpected events during the intrahospital transport of critically ill patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(6):574–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gauss T, Ageron FX, Devaud ML, Debaty G, Travers S, Garrigue D, et al. Association of prehospital time to in-hospital trauma mortality in a physician-staffed emergency medicine system. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(12):1117–24.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Srithong K, Sindhu S, Wanitkun N, Viwatwongkasem C. Incidence and risk factors of clinical deterioration during inter-facility transfer of critically ill patients; a cohort study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):1–9.
Google Scholar
Hayward RA, Asch SM, Hogan MM, Hofer TP, Kerr EA. Sins of omission: getting too little medical care may be the greatest threat to patient safety. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(8):686–91.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stang AS, Wingert AS, Hartling L, Plint AC. Adverse events related to emergency department care: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2013;8(9).
Hagiwara MA, Magnusson C, Herlitz J, Seffel E, Axelsson C, Munters M, et al. Adverse events in prehospital emergency care: a trigger tool study. BMC Emerg Med. 2019;19(1):1–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Kitahara O, Nishiyama K, Yamamoto B, Inoue S, Inokuchi S. The prehospital quick SOFA score is associated with in-hospital mortality in noninfected patients: a retrospective, cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2018;13(8).
Maciver M. Pre-hospital use of early warning scores to improve detection and outcomes of sepsis. Br J Community Nurs. 2021;26(3):122–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Semeraro F, Corona G, Scquizzato T, Gamberini L, Valentini A, Tartaglione M, et al. New early warning score: EMS off-label use in out-of-hospital patients. J Clin Med. 2021;10(12):2617.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI. Review and performance evaluation of aggregate weighted “track and trigger” systems. Resuscitation. 2008;77(2):170–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baker KF, Hanrath AT, van der Loeff IS, Kay LJ, Back J, Duncan CJA. National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to identify inpatient COVID-19 deterioration: a retrospective analysis. Clin Med J R Coll Physicians London. 2021;21(2):84–9.
Google Scholar
Seid M, Azazh A, Enquselassie F, Yisma E. Injury characteristics and outcome of road traffic accident among victims at Adult Emergency Department of Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective hospital based study. BMC Emerg Med. 2015;15(1):1–9 Available from: ???
Article
Google Scholar
Baru A, Azazh A, Beza L. Injury severity levels and associated factors among road traffic collision victims referred to emergency departments of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: the study based on the Haddon matrix. BMC Emerg Med. 2019;19(1):1–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Gebresenbet RF, Aliyu AD. Injury severity level and associated factors among road traffic accident victims attending emergency department of Tirunesh Beijing Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross sectional hospital-based study. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):1–16.
Article
Google Scholar
Debebe F, Woldetsadik A, Laytin AD, Azazh A, Maskalyk J. The clinical profile and acute care of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury at a tertiary care emergency centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. African J Emerg Med. 2016;6(4):180–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2016.06.001.
Article
Google Scholar
Sultan M, Abebe Y, Tsadik AW, Ababa A, Yesus AG, Mould-Millman NK. Trends and barriers of emergency medical service use in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Emerg Med. 2019;19(1):1–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Ararso Baru, Menbeu Sultan and Lemlem Beza. The status of prehospital care delivery for COVID-19 patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: the study emphasizing adverse events occurring in prehospital transport and associated factors. Unpubl Rep; 2021.
Boyle M. Trauma patients who suddenly deteriorate in the care of paramedics: an Australian case. J Paramed Pract. 2011;3(11):638–46.
Article
Google Scholar
Boyle MJ, Smith EC, Archer F. A review of patients who suddenly deteriorate in the presence of paramedics. BMC Emerg Med. 2008;8:1–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Kai TR, Broady MJ, Davenport DL, Bernard AC. The effect of emergency medical system transport time on in route clinical decline in a rural system. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88(6):734–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Majidi S, Siddiq F, Qureshi AI. Prehospital neurologic deterioration is independent predictor of outcome in traumatic brain injury: analysis from National Trauma Data Bank. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31(8):1215–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2013.05.026.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ageta K, Naito H, Yorifuji T, Obara T, Nojima T, Yamada T, et al. Delay in emergency medical service transportation responsiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic in a minimally affected region. Acta Med Okayama. 2020;74(6):513–20.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ingolfsson A, Budge S, Erkut E. Optimal ambulance location with random delays and travel times. Health Care Manag Sci. 2008;11(3):262–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sultan M, Abebe Y, Tsadik AW, Jennings CA, Mould-Millman NK. Epidemiology of ambulance utilized patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):1–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Pandor A, Thokala P, Goodacre S, Poku E, Stevens JW, Ren S, et al. Pre-hospital non-invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness evaluation. Health Technol Assess (Rockv). 2015;19(42):1–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Goodacre S, Stevens JW, Pandor A, Poku E, Ren S, Cantrell A, et al. Prehospital noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: systematic review, network meta-analysis, and individual patient data meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(9):960–70.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dami F, Golay C, Pasquier M, Fuchs V, Carron PN, Hugli O. Prehospital triage accuracy in a criteria based dispatch centre. BMC Emerg Med. 2015;15(1).
Cabral ELDS, Castro WRS, de Medeiros Florentino DR, de Araújo Viana D, da Costa Junior JF, de Souza RP, et al. Response time in the emergency services. Acta Cir Bras. 2018;33(12):1110–21. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-865020180120000009.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mahama MN, Kenu E, Bandoh DA, Zakariah AN. Emergency response time and pre-hospital trauma survival rate of the national ambulance service, Greater Accra (January - December 2014). BMC Emerg Med. 2018;18(1).
Mosadeghrad AM, Gebru AA, Sari AA, Getu MA. Emergency medical services in Ethiopia: drivers, challenges and opportunities. Hum Antibodies. 2019;27(S1):S33–41.
Article
Google Scholar
Mæhlen JO, Mikalsen R, Heimdal HJ, Rehn M, Hagemo JS, Ottestad W. Pre-hospital critical care management of severe hypoxemia in victims of Covid-19: a case series. Scand J Trauma Resusc. Emerg Med. 2021;29(1).
Cecconi M, Piovani D, Brunetta E, Aghemo A, Greco M, Ciccarelli M, et al. Early predictors of clinical deterioration in a cohort of 239 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection in Lombardy, Italy. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):1548.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ottestad W, Seim M, Mæhlen JO. COVID-19 med stille hypoksemi. Tidsskr den Nor Laegeforening. 2020;140(7).
Sheikh S, Baig MA. Silent hypoxia in COVID-19: what is old is new again! J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2020;30(1):S70–1.
Article
Google Scholar